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The Significance of Spatial Motif Variation in Studying Cultural Variability using Rock Art in Zimbabwe

Researchers in southern Africa have widely acknowledged the existence of motif variation in the rock art of the region. However, little has been done to use the cultural rock art diversity to understand the social and economic structure of the prehistoric hunter-gatherers. The question is why were artists from different areas choosing different symbols? This paper examines case studies from Zimbabwe to illustrate ways in which variation in rock art motifs can allude to the social and economic dynamics among

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Impacts of Taking, Trade and Consumption of Terrestrial Migratory Species for Wild Meat

This study looks for the first time at the extent to which terrestrial animals protected by the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) are being impacted by wild meat taking, trade and consumption. It contributes to the implementation of a decision adopted by the CMS Conference of the Parties in 2020 (CMS Decision 13.109). We assessed the direct and indirect impacts of wild meat taking, trade and consumption of 105 terrestrial mammal species listed in

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Mathematical Model for Giraffe Population Dynamics

Since the 1980s the overall giraffe population has dropped at least 40% causing some researchers to label this rapid decline as the “Silent Extinction.” Due to this plummet, understanding the behaviors of the giraffe population is absolutely necessary before they are on the brink of extinction. Through the usage of mathematical modeling methodologies, a general model is created to illustrate the relationship between juvenile and adult female giraffes through numerous interaction parameters. Variations on specific variables generate different simulations, which

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The spatio-temporal extent of the Green Sahara during the Last Glacial Period

The Sahara Desert, one of today’s most inhospitable environments, has known periods of enhanced precipitation that supported pre-historic humans. However, the Green Sahara timing and moisture sources are not well-known due to limited paleoclimate information. Here, we present a multi proxy (δ18O, δ13C, Δ17O, and trace elements) speleothem-based climate record from NW Africa. Our data document two Green Sahara periods during MIS5a and the Early to Mid-Holocene. Consistency with paleoclimate records across North Africa highlights the east-west geographical extent of

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Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns

COVID-19 lockdowns in early 2020 reduced human mobility, providing an opportunity to disentangle its effects on animals from those of landscape modifications. Using GPS data, we compared movements and road avoidance of 2300 terrestrial mammals (43 species) during the lockdowns to the same period in 2019. Individual responses were variable with no change in average movements or road avoidance behavior, likely due to variable lockdown conditions. However, under strict lockdowns 10-day 95th percentile displacements increased by 73%, suggesting increased landscape

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Aerial Surveys of Wildlife and Human Activity Across the Bouba N’djida – Sena Oura – Benoue – Faro Landscape Northern Cameroon and Southwestern Chad

The aerial survey presented in this report represents the start of a new phase in the assessment and management of biodiversity and its threats across the landscape incorporating Bouba N’djida, Benoue and Faro National Parks (NPs) in northern Cameroon and Sena Oura in neighbouring Chad. Historical aerial surveys across this area have demonstrated the existence of an important elephant population and various other large mammal species such as giant eland, giraffe and buffalo (Omondi et al 2008). In the period

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Opioids and the immune system: implications for clinical practice

The first observations of the adverse effects of opioids on the immune system were made more than a century ago. Since then there have been many reports that show that opioids have immunomodulating effects on different parts of the immune system such as macrophages, granulocytes, NK-cells, or different cytokines. However, most conclusions are based on observations from in vitro or animal studies. There are 3 proposed mechanisms of immunosuppression by opioids, including a direct impact on opioid receptors on immune

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Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis virus in zoo animal species in the Czech Republic

This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies against Borrelia bugdorferi (Bb) s.l. and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in zoo animals in the Czech Republic. We collected 133 serum samples from 69 animal species from 5 zoos located in different parts of the country. The samples were obtained from even-toed ungulates (n=78; 42 species), odd-toed ungulates (n=32; 11 species), carnivores (n=13; 9 species), primates (n=2, 2 species), birds (n=3; 2 species), and reptiles (n=5; 3 species). A high

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Giraffe Evolution: Two Popular Stories

The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is a marvelous animal, better known than its forest-dwelling relative the okapi and countless other charismatic artiodactyls in large part due to its proportions. As a result, there has been no shortage of speculation about the origins of the giraffe’s iconic neck. Making things up about giraffes is a well-established tradition: Timotheus of Gaza (~500 CE) reports that “the giraffe is an Indian animal; and it is born from the intercourse of different animals” (presumably a

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